INTEGRATION OF NANOMATERIALS WITH CONVENTIONAL ELECTRONICS

As traditional complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology nears its physical and performance limits, integrating nanomaterials with conventional electronics has emerged as a transformative strategy to sustain miniaturisation and performance advancement. This chapter presents an overview of hybrid architectures that merge the scalability and maturity of CMOS with the exceptional electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of nanomaterials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and semiconductor nanowires. Key developments include graphene–silicon heterostructures, two-dimensional (2D) material–silicon photonic waveguides, and CMOS-compatible nanodevices that enable efficient optoelectronic and neuromorphic computing. The chapter also examines challenges in scaling nanomaterials, including atomic-level instability, fabrication precision, and environmental concerns, while highlighting innovations in nano-device architectures, photonic integration, and next-generation memory systems such as ReRAM and phase-change memory (PCM). Collectively, these advances signify a paradigm shift toward energy-efficient, multifunctional, and miniaturised electronics that bridge the gap between nanoengineering and large-scale manufacturability.